Puddleglum on Wish Fulfillment

"Suppose we have only dreamed, or made up, all those things - trees and grass and sun and moon and stars and Aslan himself. Suppose we have. Then all I can say is that, in that case, the made-up things seem a good deal more important than the real ones. Suppose this black pit of a kingdom of yours is the only world. Well, it strikes me as a pretty poor one. And that's a funny thing, when you come to think of it. We're just babies making up a game, if you're right. But four babies playing a game can make a play-world which licks your real world hollow. That's why I'm going to stand by the play-world. I'm on Aslan's side even if there isn't any Aslan to lead it. I'm going to live as like a Narnian as I can even if there isn't any Narnia."

-from The Silver Chair, by C.S. Lewis

Ethics

"Tolkien's classical Christian theology avoids two opposite errors, two oversimplifications. One is a Rouseauian optimism: the denial, or ignoring of evil's reality and power, and consequently a kind of spiritual pacifism, the denial of spiritual warfare. The other would be the Manichean error, the idea that evil has the same kind of reality as goodness, equally powerful and equally substantial...."

-Peter J. Kreeft, The Philosophy of Tolkien

War

"[F]or the ancients, a just war could be glorious, but for us moderns it it just a necessary dirty job...."

-Peter J. Kreeft, The Philosophy of Tolkien

Politics

"[T]he proper study of Man is anything but Man; and the most improper job of any man...is bossing other men. Not one in a million is fit for it, and least of all those who seek the opportunity."

-J.R.R. Tolkien, The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien

Music

"Music is not ornamented poetry, and poetry is not ornamented prose. Poetry is fallen music, and prose fallen poetry.... In the beginning was music."

-Peter J. Kreeft, The Philosophy of Tolkien

Words

"Words were to Tolkien the most beautiful things in the world. That would be a ridiculous preference for a Hindu or a Buddhist, but not for a Christian, for whom the most beautiful thing human eyes have ever seen is called 'the Word of God'."
...
"The power of words is based on the fact that real things are found in words. Words are not merely things among a world of things, things with one additional feature, the ability to point to other things. No, words are the encompassing frame of the world of things. Things constitute a "world" only by the creative word of the author, who names them."

-Peter J. Kreeft, The Philosophy of Tolkien

First Things First

"Putting first things first is the key to the health of second things. Beauty is a second thing: it is very good, but not as good as moral goodness. And the worship of "art for art's sake" will destroy not only true worship but also art...."

"But this way of putting it is misleading, as if beauty and goodness were separate entities that could in principle clash. Rather, beauty is one of the more important forms of goodness, beauty is very good. And goodness is the highest form of beauty: the most beautiful thing in the world is a saint. Both goodness and beauty are eternal and essential attributes of Ultimate Reality, the One God, and therefore are ultimately one."

-Peter J. Kreeft, The Philosophy of Tolkien

Rationalism, Empiricism...and Intuition?

In the chapter on Epistemology, Kreeft points out that the debate between Rationalism and Empiricism ignores another form of knowledge that Tolkien (and the ancients) did not ignore: intuition. Furthermore, "unlike reason and sense experience, [intuition] depends on moral goodness; it is only reliable in the virtuous."

"Blessed are the pure in heart, for they shall see God." Indeed.

Longevity v. Immortality, part deux

"Two opposite kinds of death are required to attain the two opposite kinds of immortality. The false immortality requires the death of conscience. The real immortality requires the death of egotism...."

"Tolkien's heroes...exemplify exactly what life would be like if the Christian claims are true, especially its central paradox about immortality through death and resurrection of the self, self-realization through self-sacrifice."

-Peter J. Kreeft, The Philosophy of Tolkien

Longevity v. Immortality

Tolkien considered the central theme of The Lord of the Rings to be Death. Surprised? So was I. But Kreeft (in The Philosophy of Tolkien) includes a quote from The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien to support this claim. And it seems that Tolkien himself was somewhat surprised when he realized the centrality of death in his story upon rereading his manuscript. The next time you re-read LOTR make note of the constant contrasting of real and false immortality, the immortality of the elves versus the longevity of Gollum or the Ringwraiths. Yes, this contrasting is subtle. If it were not, LOTR would be more of an allegory and much less popular and powerful a story.

Magic and Time

'Technological magic works immediately. It attempts to reduce the gap between desire and satisfaction, to eliminate the "shadow" that falls between potency and the act....But in attacking the shadow, it plunges us deeper into the shadow because time becomes more and more important to us, and more problematic, as we become more technologized. For the chief effect upon our lives of all those millions of time-saving devices with which technology has enriched our lives has been to destroy leisure rather than to enhance it. No one has any time anymore.'

'But Enchantment makes time irrelevent. The hobbits lose track of time in Tom Bombadil's house, as we do when we read The Lord of the Rings, or when we make love, or surf, or look at the stars.'

-Peter J. Kreeft, The Philosophy of Tolkien

Time-saving devices allow us to spend our time differently. But what do we do with that time? Too often we use that extra time to pursue activities separately rather than communally. Or merely to pursue more cash so that we can afford more time saving gadgets. In this way we can gain the whole world and lose our souls.

Those who have experienced true community know that there is real magic in it.

Magic in the Everyday

'In Tolkien's cosmology, as in all pre-modern cosmologies, everything is more alive. Where the modern cosmology reduces the life of a dog to the life of a complex machine, the cosmology of Tolkien expands the life of a mountain ("cruel Caradhras") to something like the life of an animal. Nothing is mere matter. Nothing is mere anything....there is so much life in things that we would call it "magic".'
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'But there are two very different kinds of magic. One kind of magic, Enchantment, is our healing, and the other - the kind exemplified by the Ring - is our destruction.'
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'The magic of enchantment means entering the holy city of beauty, truth and goodness and letting it conquer you. Ultimately, it means letting God conquer you, since beauty, truth and goodness are divine attributes; they are what God is. But the magic of the "laborious, scientific magician"...means playing God, like Sauron.'

-Peter J. Kreeft, The Philosophy of Tolkien

Destiny and Free Will

"There are good philosophical arguments for believing both [Free Will and Destiny], and for believing that the two ideas do not contradict each other.... But the strongest, most convincing evidence comes not from philosophers but from storytellers. Both of these ingredients...are always present in every successful story, every interesting story, every (and this is the point) story we find realistic, "true to life". A story without predestination means a story without an author, and that is a story without any authority. But a story without free will, a story about machines or falling raindrops, is not a story either...."

"We may not know how destiny and freedom can both be true, but we know that they must be present in true-to-life stories because they are both present in life."

Peter J. Kreeft, The Philosophy of Tolkien